The penetration test measures the consistency of bitumen by assessing the depth to which a standard needle penetrates the bitumen sample under specific conditions of time and temperature. The test provides information about the hardness and viscosity of bitumen.

The softening point test determines the temperature at which a bituminous sample becomes soft enough to allow a standard ball to fall a specified distance under its weight. This test helps estimate the temperature susceptibility of bitumen, which is important for understanding its behavior under varying climatic conditions.

The ductility test measures the elongation and deformation properties of bituminous materials by pulling a briquette of bitumen at a specified speed and temperature. The test assesses the ability of bitumen to stretch and deform without breaking.

Viscosity tests determine the flow characteristics of bitumen under specified conditions of temperature and shear rate. Viscosity values provide insights into bitumen's workability and ease of application.

The Marshall stability test is used to evaluate the load-carrying capacity of asphalt mixtures under compression and load deformation characteristics. This test is especially relevant to hot mix asphalt (HMA) designs.

The flash point is the lowest temperature at which bituminous material gives off sufficient vapor to ignite momentarily when exposed to an open flame or other ignition source. The test is important for assessing the potential fire hazard associated with bitumen.

The solubility test determines the solubility of bituminous materials in trichloroethylene solvent, which is indicative of the bitumen's purity and the presence of impurities.